Please note that this is my semi-informed opinion, and only one possible outcome on how web3 plays out.
A lot of web3 skeptics are quick to criticize the terrible UX. Even web3 advocates have often conceded that UX may not be as good, but we’ll make up for it with the nice properties enabled by decentralization. Turns out, all of the building blocks for better UX than web2 already exists, and in this post, I’ll attempt to put it all together to give a clearer vision of one possible outcome where web3 out-UXs web2.
Users
Well, that seems complicated even in its oversimplified form. But the end user will only need to care about applications & interfaces — which is no different to how web2 works.
Interface
There’ll be a wide variety of interfaces available to users. Think of these as the new “operating systems” or “browsers” for web3.
My preferred solution is a social recovery smart contract wallet like Argent. Social recovery offers superior UX to web2 recovery. Managing passwords is a chore, and if you forget your password you’re now relying on a centralized bank or web2 company to recover it for you — a process that’s often tedious and could take weeks. With social recovery, you don’t need to manage any passwords. If you lose access to your account, you simply need your friends, family or trusted entities to recover it quickly. But there’ll obviously be centralized interfaces as well.
The social recovery will be at the heart of it, but eventually, these wallets will be more like browsers and app stores as well. People will find the applications they want to use, and use it. Two key pieces to this puzzle are account abstraction & pooling techniques. This will enable seamless UX. Fees, blockchains, bridges — all of that will be abstracted from the user entirely. The interface will smartly do all of that under-the-hood.
Of course, there could be a “Simple Mode” where the user does not even have to select applications, but rather just use cases. For example, someone just wants to earn interest on their savings. They’ll just deposit their fiat, and earn interest, and that’s it. They may have no idea whatsoever what Aave, StarkNet or Ethereum are — yet they’ll be indirectly using these solutions.
There’ll also be application-specific web2-like scenarios. Indeed, these are already here. For example, you just deposit fiat to Sorare, and play their fantasy sports game exactly like you would a web2 fantasy sports game. The user has no idea that the NFTs are being minted on Sorare’s rollup, or that it’s settled on Ethereum.
Of course, there’s a lot more to this — but you get the picture. With account abstraction, seamless bridging, pooling, social recovery and validity rollups, we have all the underlying building blocks to enable elegant UX. There’ll be strong competition to deliver an interface with the best UX.
Applications
Ultimately — it’s all about applications. This is a critical requirement to users adopt web3 — better user experiences than web2, and ones that were simply not possible without web3. Everything depends on the innovations by application developers. I believe thus far the industry has been far too obsessed about blockchains and tokens, but I hope over time this is where all the activity, capital & innovation shift to.
Execution
The applications will live on execution layers, and the interface with interact with execution layers directly. I expect rollups & volitions to be the premiere execution layers where 90+% of all activity happens, but we could also have centralized, hybrid and sovereign monolithic chains. With a volition setup, we could have a hybrid scenario.
Let’s take Facebook, for example. Their Libra/Diem project was crippled by regulatory issues — the data liability problem. Worldcoin and Reddit have been smarter — choosing to build rollups, with zero data liability. So, by settling all data on a public credibly neutral layer, they are not answerable to regulators the same way Facebook was. With the Meta announcement, it’s clear they are building their own execution layers. But Meta is never going to build a rollup, right? What they could do instead is build something like a hybrid volition. Most of it is centralized database, but they choose to settle specific transactions on a public settlement/DA layer — to get interoperability and limit data liability. In a world of blockchain legos and modular blockchains, there are plenty of possibilities.
Settlement
Security, consensus, or settlement — whatever one may call it, this is where execution layers will settle. Today, this is all people talk about, but in reality, the security layer will sink to the bottom as web3 gains mass adoption. Of course, this is the layer that’ll offer security, and a sound monetary asset anchoring the economy is critical. Fat protocol thesis applies, but as we attain global scale, I’d expect more value to be captured at the application layer.
Data
There are two types of data that web3 execution layers will consume: available data and retrievable data. Data availability may be on the settlement layer, or outside of it, but the key criterion here is that they come with data availability guarantees. This is where all the valuable transactions will be “saved” for posterity.
However, there’ll be a need for low-value data, where strict availability guarantees are not required. Just a retrievability guarantee will suffice.
Take for example, social media. You want to ensure that the rewards, transactions, and content headers are secure and available, so a volition can settle these on a DA layer. However, it’d be prohibitively expensive to store all the content — videos, photos, etc. — on a DA layer. So, both DA layers (like Ethereum data shards, Celestia, Polygon Avail) and non-DA data layers (like Filecoin, Arweave, Swarm) have complementary roles to play.
Social
Last, but not the least, we come to the social layer. It’s the social layer that gives settlement layer value, to build the entire web3 infrastructure upon. But really, we’ll have social layers at every step, with vibrant community-governed ecosystems at every layer.
Tl;dr
It’s clear to me that the technology is all there to propel web3 to global ubiquity — it’s just a matter of implementation and maturity. Granted, that will take a few years, but the path exists. With modular blockchain architectures, we will have all the scalability and instant confirmations required in the coming years. It’s now all up to the interface and application developers to build elegant and compelling user experiences that’ll leave web2 users rushing to web3.
Addendum: Here’s a much nicer infographic by @jssevar
